A common FAQ is where to purchase high quality pawpaw trees. My strong recommendation is the great selection of grafted varieties offered by Cricket Hill Garden in Thomaston, CT. The drive is well worth it. Besides pawpaw trees, this wonderful nursery sells a wide variety of persimmon, fig, and che trees and goji berry shrubs. My husband and I made the two hour trip for some great purchases today. Abbie will be busy planting trees tomorrow!
With an exceptional dry, sunny, and warm autumn, pawpaw fruit ripened more quickly than previous years. The last fruits were harvested on Halloween. Thank you to all who reached out to me. I am happy that I could provide some of you with gorgeous large fruits from the Potomac, Overleese, and Shenandoah trees. Let's all hope for rain and snow to help all of our thirsty gardens, yards, and surrounding forests. Please email me at mail@whitesfieldsfarm.com if you are interesting in purchasing my 2025 harvest. Keep in mind that historically I have received more pawpaw fruit requests than I can meet. Please do not ask me to find you other pawpaw growers.
Pawpaw Greetings! My attempt with this posting on September 17th, 2024 is to inform and educate the pawpaw community with an important issue concerning pawpaw tree disease susceptibility. I have two main reasons for not being able to fulfill a very large number of pawpaw requests this season. Thanks to Google algorithm rankings, I am both blessed and cursed with a highly ranked website resulting in many inquiries related to purchasing fresh fruit. My backyard grove is small and is a hobby pastime. All tree care, harvesting, communication, and sales is done by myself. Ever since the Pandemic I have simply been overwhelmed with inquiries for pawpaw fruit. I have nightmares about how I could possibly make more than fifty people all happy with fruit purchases on a single day.
The second reason for a limited supply of pawpaw fruit this season is a health problem with my pawpaw trees. As of September 2024 many of my pawpaw trees in my grove are either dead or near death. The long-standing statement that pawpaw trees are highly disease resistant is false. Until a week ago, I had attributed my pawpaw tree deaths to a combination of factors including old age, sapsucker woodpecker trunk boring damage, water stress, jumping worms, and my poor and thin sandy soil on top of ledge. Two years ago, I lost a gorgeous and productive Shenandoah tree sourced from Neal Peterson in 2005. Last year I removed a dead Shenandoah tree also sourced from Neal Peterson in 2005. This year I noted with alarm the decline in the health of my oldest pawpaw tree planted in 1996 along with two younger productive trees originating from suckers. I observed that there must be a systemic cause affecting all three trees at the same time. I searched with Google Scholar came across these two publications that gave me new insight into the reasons my ailing pawpaw trees:
https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/full/10.1094/PDIS-11-22-2639-PDN
Maclot FJ, Mandujano M, Nakasato K, Byrne J, Paudel S, Guyer D, Malmstrom C. First Report of Tobacco Ringspot Virus Infecting Pawpaw Orchard (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal) in North America. Plant Dis. 2022
https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/24/3565
Choi, Jiyeong, Anya Clara Osatuke, Griffin Erich, Kristian Stevens, Min Sook Hwang, Maher Al Rwahnih, and Marc Fuchs. "High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals Tobacco and Tomato Ringspot Viruses in Pawpaw." Plants 11, no. 24 (2022): 3565.
I reached out with inquiries for testing information and resources. Thankfully, I received a prompt and helpful reply from a plant disease diagnostic company in Indiana as follows:
Thank you for reaching out to Agdia! We can certainly help you identify the cause of the Pawpaw decline that you are observing.
Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) is one of the pathogens found in Asimina triloba. Other reported pathogens include Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) and Phytophthora (Phyt). I would recommend testing for all three pathogens at first to understand which one (or more) are causing the disease problem.
There are two options for testing. One would be to send a small branch with leaves attached to our Testing Services laboratory and have us conduct the analysis. Shipping is prepaid via a printable UPS label on our website (after completing the sample submission form). Results are emailed within a few days of sample receipt. the cost of testing 1 sample for TRSV, ToRSV and Phyt would be $97.90. Each additional sample would cost only an extra $23.90.
Another option would be to purchase our rapid ImmunoStrip tests and perform the test yourself. We offer these rapid tests for all three:
TRSV: https://orders.agdia.com/agdia-immunostrip-for-trsv-isk-64001
ToRSV: https://orders.agdia.com/agdia-immunostrip-for-torsv-isk-22001
Phyt: https://orders.agdia.com/agdia-immunostrip-for-phyt-isk-92601
Some of our growers will send a sample to our lab first, and then purchase the ImmunoStrip tests based on those results. More information on how to submit samples can be found here: https://www.agdia.com/testing-services/.
In response to Agdia, I immediately ordered the rapid ImmunoStrip tests for the three viruses of concern. The total cost with shipping was $229.86. I felt this was a very worthwhile investment that could give me answers and inform others in the pawpaw community.
I performed the viral diagnostic tests on five of my pawpaw trees. Two were sick and three were healthy trees. I followed the instructions for using the ImmunoStrip tests. For the sick trees I selected leaves that were not brown nor desiccated. You can see from the photos that I chose leaves with chlorotic patches. For the healthy trees I chose leaves that appeared stressed. I had to search for appropriate test leaves, since the healthy trees have mostly vibrant green foliage.
As expected, I saw a positive test result for TRSV with the two sick trees sampled. The great news was that all five pawpaw trees tested negative for ToRSV and Phyt. Also, the three healthy trees tested were negative for TRSV, too. These healthy trees are all grafted cultivars that include Overleese, Potomac, and Shenandoah.
I have many questions and concerns about having sick trees affected by the TRSV virus. Some statements from the Maclot et al paper are very worrisome. I question if I will still have any healthy and productive pawpaw trees in my backyard in 2027.
We screened for TRSV infection in leaves from four symptomatic and three nonsymptomatic trees from the same site in 2022. RT-PCR revealed positive infection in all symptomatic samples and one (33%) nonsymptomatic sample, confirming TRSV infection in symptomatic pawpaw trees and emphasizing the importance of also monitoring nonsymptomatic trees. We confirmed graft transmission, with a 100% transmission rate in 200 trees grafted from a TRSV-infected pawpaw (Shenandoah cultivar); investigation of other transmission vectors is ongoing. Because of TRSV’s wide host range (Tolin 2008), its broad transmission profile in other crops (via nematodes, thrips, seeds, sap inoculation, and grafting; Hill and Whitham 2014), and the notable decline observed in different infected pawpaw cultivars (10-35, NC-1, Overleese, Pennsylvania-Golden, Shenandoah, Sunflower, Wabash), TRSV appears to be a new threat to pawpaw orchards.
In conclusion, I think that nurseries have an ethical obligation to provide customers with trees that test negative for viruses such as TRSV. Buyers should ask for full disclosure on viral testing results. Pawpaw tree owners should be aware of early signs of viral infection that include leaf wilting despite frequent watering, premature leaf drop, and many small rock-hard fruits. Be wary about exchanging pawpaw pollen, seeds and grafting stock from pawpaw orchards affected by virus. Some statements from the Choi et al paper are important and helpful for new pawpaw tree growers.
There is no cure for TRSV and ToRSV once trees are infected in the orchard. Therefore, based on the expansion of pawpaw orchards in the United States and worldwide, a careful selection of clean pawpaw seeds and propagation material is critical for producing clean grafted cultivars and preventing the introduction of viruses, such as TRSV and ToRSV, in newly established orchards.
I will continue to do research on how best to manage pawpaw trees in a grove infected with TRSV. Perhaps soil amendments and sufficient water can help healthy trees ward off the virus or delay infection. I hope that sharing my pawpaw disease status can help others with sourcing and maintaining healthy pawpaw trees.
The final good news is that I still have healthy pawpaw trees negative for all tested viruses. I am excited about offering delicious Overleese, Potomac, and Shenandoah pawpaw fruits for sale within a few weeks.
My full report with viral testing images is at this link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1maXayWZfxvVGz754M6TNBa1Cp63VXhZC/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=117644102875438565753&rtpof=true&sd=true
No one responded to my inquires to Cornell University and Michigan State University regarding best management practices for pawpaw groves affected by TRSV. I now see the importance and necessity of growers sharing observations and ideas for prevention and possible treatment of sick trees. This is a Citizen Science Project which I will gladly support. Please reach out to me and other growers who have an interest in combating TRSV infections in our beloved pawpaw trees.
Dear Pawpaw Fruit Seekers,
Most fruit will need at least a couple more weeks to ripen. I have had many inquiries for my pawpaw fruit over the past few months. Recent requests are unlikely to be fulfilled. Please do not ask me to find another pawpaw fruit supplier for you. This is a hobby that I do completely by myself in my backyard outside of full-time employment.
Harvard student Sarah Faber interviewed me for this informative and entertaining 2022 article about pawpaws. For my zone 5 climate at 900 feet above sea level, my peak ripening period is mid-October to early November. My corrections to Sarah's article: I moved to Hardwick in 1989 and planted my first pawpaw trees from Tripple Brook Farm 1995. in In 2005 I planted a Neal Peterson grafted cultivar Rappahannock instead of Rapanoic.
FAQ: I do not sell pawpaw trees. I realize that my sourcing information below is outdated. High quality pawpaw trees are scarce and there is heightened interest in edible landscaping. My advice is to seek out grafted Peterson cultivars. Shenandoah is a great choice in terms of ripening a month earlier than Sunflower strains, having larger fruit, fewer and smaller seeds, and several years faster maturity to production. Read vendor reviews. Only purchase pawpaw trees with large healthy root balls. Younger trees with massive roots will survive transplanting shock much easier. Water deeply and frequently.
I do not ship pawpaw fruit. Shipping is a nuisance in terms of packaging items carefully and making a dreaded trip to the post office or the UPS shipping pick up location. Some past shipments of perishable fruit have take more than two weeks.The outcome can be rotten fruit making both you and me miserable. Integration Acres is in the business of shipping pawpaw fruit and does a great job.
I recommend highly the wonderful pawpaw video by Blanche Cybele Derby for the gorgeous imagery and valuable information. Blanche is a very effective teacher with her clear and helpful advice and keen observational skills. Her enthusiastic dancing intro in a pawpaw grove makes me smile every time.
A favorite recipe is pawpaw soda. I need only a spoonful of deseeded and skinless pawpaw flesh. In a tall glass I use a fork to puree the fruit. Then I fill the glass with seltzer, stir, and then enjoy the taste and aroma of flavors like coconut, mango, and banana. A great cocktail is a mix of rum, ginger ale, ice, and a tablespoon of mashed pawpaw fruit. Many adore the fragrance of ripening pawpaws. I enjoy transporting them in a vehicle that fills with the heavy fruity scent. Having pawpaws in your car is a great reason to keep your windows closed.
As a reminder, eat only the pawpaw flesh. Do not eat the skin or seeds. The seeds are beautiful and make gorgeous jewelry beads.
It is not my intention to take advantage of scarcity and price gouge people that have a sincere interest in purchasing this fruit. Most of you are very nice people and have a strong interest in sustainable agriculture, unusual fruits, and local food. You are a crowd that I enjoy being with and can relate to easily.
I am humbled knowing that thanks to word of mouth and Google searches, I continue to receive several dozen inquiries regarding the pawpaws. Requests for fruit have come from Texas, Illinois, and Oregon. A few years ago, a wonderful couple from Quebec City stopped by to buy fruit. As an appreciation of thanks, I was sent a photo of my pawpaw with La Citadelle in the background. Many of you are willing to drive more than two hours in your quest to taste this amazing fruit. Please contact me before your long trek to Hardwick to make sure that I have ripe fruit available for you. I know that some of you have started to grow pawpaw trees in your yard and will eventually have your own crop. I realize that the attention I am getting will not last in the long term. As I explain below, my former colleagues at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) use to tease me as The Pawpaw Queen. My reign will end when many more of you have your own productive pawpaw groves. I encourage of you to plant pawpaw trees, even if you live in a city. A loyal customer is growing a tree on his Boston patio in a large pot. Other pawpaw fans take seeds with them on hikes. Along the trail and near rivers, the seeds are planted. There are now established pawpaw trees in Monson, Massachusetts in areas that were devastated by a tornado in 2011.
Usually, my pawpaw trees that yield several buckets of fruit in autumn. I sell many pawpaws at the Hardwick Farmers Market. Contact Abbie before you make the trek to make sure fruit is available. Unannounced pawpaw seekers have come from as far away as Toronto, Schenectady, Rockport, Providence, and Hartford. Sometimes these people have been terribly disappointed since unripe fruit is inedible and is best left on the trees. In November I collaborate with Still Life Farm and direct customers to their markets in metro Boston.
In November 2011, the Boston TV show Chronicle featured the Town of Hardwick as a Mystery Town. Previously on my website, I displayed images showing Stan hypnotizing a rooster. The Chronicle producer asked if chicken hypnotism tourism could be featured on the show. With sensitivity to our public image, I suggested that pawpaw fruit was very cool and the TV crew was welcome. I quickly deleted the chicken photos. The Chronicle show was seen widely and Hardwick suddenly became a desirable destination. My WPI colleagues changed my office door title from Lab Manager to Pawpaw Queen. A professor crafted a pawpaw seed necklace that I wear when marketing the fruits. I left employment at WPI in 2015. However, my identity as Pawpaw Queen has stuck and makes me giggle.
My thoughts are based on pawpaw tree sourcing and cultivation experiences for about three decades. I endorse the named and patented Peterson grafted cultivar varieties for the reasons of earlier maturity, larger fruit with smaller seeds, dwarfer status, and better flavor. The variety that has done really well for me is Shenandoah. However, this one can be in short supply. If you can find this grafted tree, I recommend it highly.
You can save the seeds from the fruit you eat and grow them. Customers have sent me photos of trees growing from my fruit. Be sure to keep the seeds moist and cool until planting time. I keep mine in a small plastic bag in the refrigerator. The seeds germinate well in about a month at 70F when placed in damp germination soil. Large roots precede shoot growth. The plants have huge extensive root systems and hate transplanting. Try to situate young trees in a permanent location and water well to get them established. In the wild, these are understory trees near rivers. My trees grow fine in full sun. I fertilize my trees almost every year with composted manure. I recommend planting in the early spring. Be sure to water the trees water deeply and often. The roots are very thirsty in hot and dry weather. I have poor sandy soil and will let a hose run for several hours during the summer. I have noticed that hot and dry weather during pollination can lead to premature dropping of young dessicated fruit clusters. I am now using a sprinkler to add humidity to the pawpaw grove during the pollination period. My crop continues to be grown without pesticides, fungicides, and chemical fertilizer. The only input supplied to the trees is compost.
Many of my pawpaws came from Forest Keeling Nursery. One Green World has provided my brother-in-law and I with large healthy plants. Burnt Ridge Nursery has interesting offerings. Oikos Tree Crops has great prices and interesting edibles including various nut trees. Raintree Nursery has been around for a long time and has many unusual landscape edibles. Tripple Brook Farm is a local and the owner has a passion for pawpaw fruit. My first Sunflower seedling derived pawpaw trees came from this wonderful business in Southampton MA in 1996. My sister purchased high quality pawpaw trees from Charlie West in New Jersey. You can reach this grower through his website for West Farm Nursery.
My dear friend Ted has an excellent website with great information about pawpaw fruit. He is the greatest pawpaw enthusiast that I know. Ted plants pawpaw seeds while hiking. The pawpaw is a native tree that has lost many habitats over the centuries.
Pawpaw trees are very beautiful in landscapes. They are tidy and are very easy to grow organically. I love watching the banana like clusters of fruit develop from the gorgeous red flowers in May and June. Interestingly, the flowers begin as female with a receptive stigma and age to male with brown dust like pollen. Flies instead of bees pollinate flowers. I clean out my freezer and pantry every year to find fly attractants. I have lured flies to the trees with rancid pork sausages, canned squid, and past pull date menudo stew. While cross-pollination is very important, I have had fruit develop on a lone isolated tree. Contact Abbie at mail@whitesfieldsfarm.com if you have questions about pawpaws.
I am reactive to this week's special weather statement for a "Red Flag Warning". I learned through trial and error that young pawpaw fruit are fragile. A few years ago, there was a span of very hot and dry weather before Memorial Day. With dismay I watched dozens of newly pollinated pawpaw flowers and small banana clusters of fruit desiccate and drop to the ground. After despair I realized that I could manage this situation with a water sprinkler. Since my pawpaw grove is located on top of a ledge rock hill, I am always watering the trees anyway with a long hose. During the summer I will water each pawpaw tree for an entire day. Now I understand the importance of both tree root and young pawpaw fruit hydration. I believe that misting with water helps improve pollination prospects, too. Water drops on flowers and young pawpaw fruit are beautiful and offer hope for a great crop.
Romantic drama of crimson flowers
From brown fuzzy buds quiet all winter
Patient waiting for warmth and spring showers
Female blossoms being first to occur
Inside red petals yellow stigmas sticky
Receptive to timely fertilization
Not relying on the busy working bee
Best to encourage a fly intervention
Freezer finds of forgotten rancid meat
Contained inside tied pantyhose hanging
Recruiting the flies for a stinky treat
With nearby pollen going hitchhiking
Shuttling pollen can succeed or fail
Success is many green fingered clusters
Failed pollination turns flowers to male
Offering pollen like feather dusters
Summer begins with small, stellated fruits
Rewards of pollination romance pursuits
Male flower showing that flies are important for pollination
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